Solutions structures for some systems of fractional difference equations

OMA-Vol. 3 (2019), Issue 1, pp. 51-61 Open Access Full-Text PDF
M. B. Almatrafi
Abstract: It is a well-known fact that the majority of rational difference equations cannot be solved theoretically. As a result, some scientific experts use manual iterations to obtain the exact solutions of some of these equations. In this paper, we obtain the fractional solutions of the following systems of difference equations:
$$
x_{n+1}=\frac{x_{n-1}y_{n-3}}{y_{n-1}\left( -1-x_{n-1}y_{n-3}\right) },\ \ \
y_{n+1}=\frac{y_{n-1}x_{n-3}}{x_{n-1}\left( \pm 1\pm y_{n-1}x_{n-3}\right) }
,\ \ \ n=0,1,…,
$$
where the initial data \(x_{-3},\ x_{-2},\ x_{-1},\ \)\ \(
x_{0},\ y_{-3},\ y_{-2},\ y_{-1}\) and \(\ \ y_{0}\;\) are arbitrary non-zero real numbers. All solutions will be depicted under specific initial conditions.
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Magnetohydrodynamic flow of dissipative casson-carreau nanofluid over a stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium under the influence of thermal radiation and variable internal heat generation

EASL-Vol. 2 (2019), Issue 2, pp. 18-36 Open Access Full-Text PDF
Gbeminiyi Sobamowo, O. A. Adesina, Lawrence Jayesimi
Abstract: In this paper, finite difference method is used to study the combined effects of thermal radiation, inclined magnetic field and temperature-dependent internal heat generation on unsteady two-dimensional flow and heat transfer analysis of dissipative Casson-Carreau nanofluid over a stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium. In the study, kerosene is used as the base fluid which is embedded with the silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles. Also, effects of other pertinent parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the Casson-Carreau nanofluids are investigated and discussed. From the results, it is established that the temperature field and the thermal boundary layers of Ag-Kerosene nanofluid are highly effective when compared with the Cu-Kerosene nanofluid. Heat transfer rate is enhanced by increasing power-law index and unsteadiness parameter. Skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number can be reduced by magnetic field parameter and they can be enhanced by increasing the aligned angle. Friction factor is depreciated and the rate of heat transfer increases by increasing the Weissenberg number. A very good agreement is established between the results of the present study and the previous results. The present analysis can help in expanding the understanding of the thermo-fluidic behaviour of the Casson-Carreau nanofluid over a stretching sheet.
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Dominator and total dominator colorings in vague graphs

EASL-Vol. 2 (2019), Issue 2, pp. 10-17 Open Access Full-Text PDF
Lian Chen, Huiqin Jiang, Zehui Shao, Marija Ivanović
Abstract: The concept of vague graph was introduced early by Ramakrishna and substantial graph parameters on vague graphs were proposed such graph coloring, connectivity, dominating set, independent set, total dominating number and independent dominating number. In this paper, we introduce the concept of the dominator coloring and total dominator coloring of a vague graph and establish mathematical modelling for these problems.
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On the two-variable generalized Laguerre polynomials

OMS-Vol. 3 (2019), Issue 1, pp. 152-158 Open Access Full-Text PDF
Ahmed Ali Atash
Abstract: In this paper, we introduce the two variable generalized Laguerre polynomials (2VGLP) \({}_GL^{(\alpha,\beta)}_n(x,y)\). Some properties of these polynomials such as generating functions, summation formulae and expansions are also discussed.
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Aphids, Ants and Ladybirds: a mathematical model predicting their population dynamics

OMS-Vol. 3 (2019), Issue 1, pp. 139–151 Open Access Full-Text PDF
Gianluca Gabbriellini
Abstract: The interaction between aphids, ants and ladybirds has been investigated from an ecological point of view since many decades, while there are no attempts to describe it from a mathematical point of view. This paper introduces a new mathematical model to describe the within-season population dynamics in an ecological patch of a system composed by aphids, ants and ladybirds, through a set of four differential equations. The proposed model is based on the Kindlmann and Dixon set of differential equations [1], focused on the prediction of the aphids-ladybirds population densities, that share a prey-predator relationship. The population of ants, in mutualistic relationship with aphids and in interspecific competition with ladybirds, is described according to the Holland and De Angelis mathematical model [2], in which the authors faced the problem of mutualistic interactions in general terms. The set of differential equations proposed here is discretized by means the Nonstandard Finite Difference scheme, successfully applied by Gabbriellini to the mutualistic model [3]. The constructed finite-difference scheme is positivity-preserving and characterized by four nonhyperbolic steady-states, as highlighted by the phase-space and time-series analyses. Particular attention is dedicated to the steady-state most interesting from an ecological point of view, whose asymptotic stability is demonstrated via the Centre Manifold Theory. The model allows to numerically confirm that mutualistic relationship effectively influences the population dynamic, by increasing the peaks of the aphids and ants population densities. Nonetheless, it is showed that the asymptotical populations of aphids and ladybirds collapse for any initial condition, unlike that of ants that, after the peak, settle on a constant asymptotic value.
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3-total edge mean cordial labeling of some standard graphs

OMS-Vol. 3 (2019), Issue 1, pp. 129–138 Open Access Full-Text PDF
Fakhir Aslam, Zohaib Zahid, Sohail Zafar
Abstract: In this paper, we introduce new labeling and named it as k-total edge mean cordial (k-TEMC) labeling. We study certain classes of graphs namely path, double comb, ladder and fan in the context of 3-TEMC labeling.
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The outer-connected vertex edge domination number in Lexicographic product graphs

ODAM-Vol. 2 (2019), Issue 2, pp. 19–22 Open Access Full-Text PDF
Opeyemi Oyewumi, Abolape Deborah Akwu, Obakpo Johnson Ben
Abstract: An outer-connected vertex edge dominating set (OCVEDS) for an arbitrary graph \(G\) is a set \(D \subset V(G)\) such that \(D\) is a vertex edge dominating set and the graph \(G \setminus D\) is connected. The outer-connected vertex edge domination number of \(G\) is the cardinality of a minimum OCVEDS of \(G\), denoted by \(\gamma_{ve}^{oc}(G)\). In this paper, we give the outer-connected vertex edge dominating set in lexicographic product of graphs.
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Minimum degree polynomial of graphs obtained by some graph operators

ODAM-Vol. 2 (2019), Issue 2, pp. 1–18 Open Access Full-Text PDF
Bommanahal Basavanagoud, Praveen Jakkannavar
Abstract: The minimum degree matrix \(MD(G)\) of a graph \(G\) of order \(n\) is an \(n\times n\) symmetric matrix whose \((i,j)^{th}\) entry is \(min\{d_i,d_j\}\) whenever \(i\neq j\), and zero otherwise, where \(d_i\) and \(d_j\) are the degrees of the \(i^{th}\) and \(j^{th}\) vertices of \(G\), respectively. In the present work, we obtain the minimum degree polynomial of the graphs obtained by some graph operators (generalized \(xyz\)-point-line transformation graphs).
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Analysis of the qualitative behaviour of an eighth-order fractional difference equation

ODAM-Vol. 2 (2019), Issue 1, pp. 41–47 Open Access Full-Text PDF
Mohammed Bakheet Almatrafi, Marwa Mohammed Alzubaidi
Abstract: The exact solutions of most nonlinear difference equations cannot be obtained theoretically sometimes. Therefore, a massive number of researchers predict the long behaviour of most difference equations by investigating some qualitative behaviours of these equations from the governing equations. In this article, we aim to analyze the asymptotic stability, global stability, periodicity of the solution of an eighth-order difference equation. Moreover, a theoretical solution of a special case equation will be presented in this paper.
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