OJC – Vol 2 – issue 1 (2019) – PISRT

Anti-proliferative and migratory inhibition study of b16f10 in mouse melanoma cells induced by synthetic indole-oxadiazole bearing butanamides

pisrt — Sun, 30 Jun 2019 16:23:05 +0000

Open Journal of Chemistry

Vol. 2 (2019), Issue 1, pp. 21 – 29
ISSN: 2618-0758 (Online) 2618-074X (Print)
DOI: 10.30538/psrp-ojc2019.0010

Anti-proliferative and migratory inhibition study of b16f10 in mouse melanoma cells induced by synthetic indole-oxadiazole bearing butanamides

Muhammad Athar Abbasi\(^1\), Seong-Hui Eo, Aziz-ur-Rehman, Sabahat Zahra Siddiqui, Yohan Han, Seon-Mi Yu, Song Ja Kim, Mubashir Hassan, Hussain Raza, Syed Anan Ali Shah, Sung-Yum Seo\(^1\)
College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, 32588, South Korea.; (M.A.A & S.H.E & Y.H & S.M.Y & S.J.K & M.H & H.R & S.Y.S)
Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan.; (M.A.A & A.R & S.Z.S)
Faculty of Pharmacy and Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Level 9, FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.; (S.A.A.S)
\(^{1}\)Corresponding Author: abbasi@gcu.edu.pk Tel: +92-42-111000010 Ext. 266.(M.A.A); dnalove@kongju.ac.kr; Tel: +82-416-8508503(S.Y.S)

Copyright © 2019 Muhammad Athar Abbasi, Seong-Hui Eo, Aziz-ur-Rehman, Sabahat Zahra Siddiqui, Yohan Han, Seon-Mi Yu, Song Ja Kim, Mubashir Hassan, Hussain Raza, Syed Anan Ali Shah, Sung-Yum Seo. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: January 28, 2019 – Accepted: February 20, 2019 – Published: June 30, 2019

Abstract

Matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2/-9) are key tissue remodeling enzymes that have multiple overlapping activities critical for wound healing and tumor progression. In search of new anti-tumor agents, indole-oxadiazole containing butanamides (1-5) were evaluated with B16F10 mouse melanoma cells in this study. The results showed that compounds 1, 2 and 3 inhibited the cell proliferation in a considerable manner at concentrations ranging from 0-44M. The possible migration inhibitory effects of these melanoma cells were further evaluated through gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 secreted from B16F10 cells and it was inferred that compounds 1, 2 and 3 affected the expression and activity of these enzymes in a dose dependent manner while compound 1 can be regarded as promising anti-tumor agent.

Keywords:

Indole, oxadiazole, butanamides, anti-proliferation, matrix metalloproteinase, zymography.

1. Introduction

Heterocycles are common structural units in marketed drugs and in medicinal chemistry targets in the drug discovery process. They can serve as useful tools to manipulate lipophilicity, polarity, and hydrogen bonding capacity of molecules, which may lead to improved pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and physicochemical properties of drug candidates and ultimately drugs [1].

The chemistry and pharmacology of indole have been of great interest to medicinal chemists because indole derivatives possessed various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory,[2] antibacterial,[3] antimicrobial,[4] antifungal,[5] antihypertensive,[6] and anticonvulsant[7] activities.

The heterocyclic system which contains 1,3,4-oxadiazole nucleus have a rich synthetic history and they are characterized by a wide range of methods of synthesis. 1,3,4-Oxadiazole scaffold, is a vital pharmacophore that displays various pharmaceutical properties[8, 9]. Antihypertensive nesapidil, antibiotic furamizole antiretroviral raltegravir, and anticancer agent zibotentan are very few among the marketed drugs that incorporate a 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety [10]. The significance indole and bisindole-based 1,3,4-oxadiazole heterocycles are also attracting interest due to their wide range of bioactivities, notably as anticancer agents [11, 12].

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zymogens that are secreted in an inactive pro-form and rapidly proteolytically activated at their site of action. They contain an active site carrying a zinc ion (\(Zn^{2+}\)). On the basis of some in vitro assays, these enzymes have been reported to cleave a broad range of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, however, the evidences of mice lacking specific MMPs[13, 14, 15, 16] and sophisticated mass spectrometry analyses of MMP substrates,[17] have exposed that digestion of ECM molecules is not their foremost function in vivo. Instead, several MMPs selectively cleave cytokines, chemokines, cell surface receptors as well as ECM receptors, and are evolving as decisive fine tuners of cell function in tissue homeostasis and in various pathologies, in particular inflammation [13, 14, 15]. There are 23 different human MMPs classified according to their ability to cleave ECM molecules in in vitro assays. The best studied MMPs are the gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, so-called as they can cleave gelatin, the individual alpha chains of denatured collagen type I.[16] Based on their ability to cleave gelatin, several in vitro assays have been established that permit detection of MMP-2/ MMP-9 activity in tissue extracts (gelatin gel zymography) or on tissue sections (in situ gel zymography). However, distinguishing between these two gelatinases remains difficult, mainly due to the absence of specific antibodies or tools that recognize activated MMP-2 or MMP-9.14 Based upon the aforementioned multifarious biological activities of indole and oxadiazole containing molecules, the present study on bi-heterocyclic hybrids was carried out to envisage their anti-proliferative and migratory inhibiting potential of melanoma cells.

2. Experimental

2.1. Synthesis of indole-oxadiazole containing butanamides (1-5)

We have previously reported the synthesis and structural characterization of studied indole-oxadiazole containing butanamides, 1-5[17]. Those earlier synthesized samples were subjected to current study.

2.2. Cancer cell lines and reagents

The B16F10 melanoma cell line was purchased from KCLB (Korean Cell Line Bank, Seoul, Korea). Penicillin, streptomycin, gelatin, Coomassie blue R-250 and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) was obtained from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). FBS was from Tissue Culture Biologicals (Long Beach, CA, USA)[18].

2.3. Cell culture

B16F10 cells were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% het inactivated FBS, penicillin (50 units/ml) and streptomycin (50\(\mu\)g/ml), in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO\(_{2}\) and 95% air at \(37^{o}C\). The cells were plated at an appropriate density according to each experimental scale[19].

2.4. Cell viability

The effect of bi-heterocyclic butanamides (1-5) on the viability of B16F10 cells was measured using the MTT assay. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (\(0.5\times 10^{5}\) cells/well in 100 \(\mu\)l medium) and cultured for 24 h. The cells were then treated with 1-5 concentration gradient (0, 5.5, 11, 22 or 44 \(\mu\)M) for 24 h. After incubation, cells were washed with 1X PBS. Thereafter, the medium was replaced by fresh medium (200 \(\mu\)l) containing 0.5 mg/ml MTT, and the mixture was incubated for 4 h at \(37^{o}C\). After 3 h of incubation, the MTT formazan was dissolved in 100 \(\mu\)l solubilization buffer (10% SDS, 0.01 N HCl). The optical absorbance was measured at 570 nm by using a microplate reader [19].

2.5. Wound healing assay

Wound healing assay was used to assess cell migration of B16F10 cell lines upon treatments. Briefly, B16F10 cells were seeded \(2\times 10^{5}\)/well cells into 35mm culture dish. After the cells reached ~90% confluence, a scratch was made in the cells with a 10 \(\mu\)l pipette tip and washed by 1xPBS and incubated with reagents for 24 h. The migration distance of cells was then captured and the images were quantitatively analyzed using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The wound area percentage was calculated as the wound area from 24 h vs. the wound area from 0 h in each group.18

2.6. Gelatin zymography analysis

To measure enzymatic activity of MMP-2 and 9 as the key enzymes in the cell invasion and metastasis, gelatin zymography were examined. Briefly, Cells (\(2\times 10^{5}\) cells/ml) were seeded in 35 mm cell culture dish. After overnight incubation, B16F10 cells were treated with compounds 1-5 for 24 h. At the end of incubation periods, upper medium was centrifuged at 400 g for 5 min. Then, 30 \(\mu\)l of supernatant aliquots of culture medium from each concentration was mixed with 10 \(\mu\)l of loading buffer 4x (62.5 mM Tris, 4% SDS, 25% glycerol, 0.01% bromophenol blue, pH 6.8). Samples were then loaded on to 7.5% acrylamide gels containing 0.1% gelatin as a substrate and the electrophoresis. After electrophoresis, gels were washed with 2.5% Triton X-100 and then incubated in incubation buffer (10 mM CaCl2, 150 mM NaCl, and 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) for overnight at \(37^{o}C\). Then gel was stained with 0.5% Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 in 10% acetic acid and 50% methanol [18].

2.7. Statistical analysis

Values are presented as a mean of three different experiments ± standard deviation (SD). Differences between the calculated means of the each individual group were determined by one-way ANOVA. Any difference was considered statistically significant at P< 0.05.

2.8. Computational methodology

2.8.1. Retrieval of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 in Maestro

The MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein structure were retrieved from Protein Data Bank (PDB) (www.rcsb.org) having PDBIDs ICK7 and 1L6J, respectively. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 structures were prepared using the "Protein Preparation Wizard" workflow in Schrödinger Suite. Bond orders were assigned and hydrogen atoms were added to the protein. The water molecules were removed from proteins structures. The structure was then minimized to reach the converged root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 0.30 Å with the \(OPLS_2005\) force field. The prepared structures were employed for further grid and docking analysis.

2.8.2. Grid generation and molecular docking

For grid generation preparation, the active site of the enzymes is defined from the co-crystallized ligands from Protein Data Bank and literature data.[20,21, 22 ] The grid was generated by specify the particular residues which are involve in the active region of target proteins separately for both MMP-2 and MMP-9, respectively. Furthermore, docking experiment was performed against synthesized compound 1 against both receptor molecules separately. The synthesized molecule was sketched by 2D sketcher in Maestro interface. The default docking setup parameters were employed for both ligand-docking experiments[23]. The predicted binding energies (docking scores) and conformational positions of ligands within active region of protein were also performed using Glide experiment. Throughout the docking simulations, both partial flexibility and full flexibility around the active site residues are performed by Glide/SP/XP and induced fit docking (IFD) approaches.[24, 25 ] The 3D and 2D graphical images of both best scored docking complexes were retrieved using Maestro.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Chemistry

The synthesis of studied bi-heterocyclic butanamides (1-5) was accomplished in multi-steps according to our reported protocol [17]. The structures of these compounds are shown in Figure 1 and the varying groups in the molecules have been shaded by contours.

Figure 1. Structures of synthetic indole-oxadiazole bearing butanamides (1-5).

3.2. Biological activities

The effects of butanamides (1-5) on cell viability of B16F10 cells were investigated through MTT assay. When B16F10 cells were treated with various concentrations (0, 5.5, 11, 22, and 44 \(\mu\)M) of studied compounds for 48 h, the cell proliferation was reduced significantly by the compounds 1-3, however, the compound 4 and 5 exhibited no remarkable differences in absorbance among the control groups (Figure 2).

Figure 2. The effects of butanamides (1-5) on cell proliferation of B16F10 cells. Cells were treated with different concentration of these compounds (0, 5.5, 11, 22, and 44 \(\mu\)M) for 48 h. Cell proliferation was measured by the MTT assay. These data are the results of a typical experiment. *P< 0.05, compared with untreated cells.

Cell migration plays important roles in cancer metastasis. Therefore, the migratory effects of these compounds on B16F10 cells were measured. A wound healing migration assay was performed to investigate the inhibition of cell mobility. It was observed that cell migration was significantly reduced in B16F10 cells treated with increasing concentrations of compound 1. However, compound 2 and 3 were induced cell migration. The percent of migration was no change in case of 4 and 5, after 48 h (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Effects of butanamides (1-5) on B16F10 cell migration. Cells treated with different concentration of these compounds for 48 h. Cell migratory ability was determined by (A) wound-healing assay and (B) migrated cell numbers, were determined by densitometric measurements with ImageJ. The data represented three similar experiments.

Matrix metalloproteinases are important enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components and play important roles in tumor invasion and metastasis. In this regard, the inhibitory effects of butanamides (1-5) were investigated on MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzyme activities through gelatin zymograph assay. From the results, it was rational that MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity was significantly induced by compounds 2 and 3 at 22 - 44 \(\mu\)M concentration in B16F10. These results showed that increase in enzymatic activity in a concentration-dependent manner. However, compared with the control group, compounds 4 and 5 have no effect on said enzymatic activity. Gelatin zymography showed that in case of compound 1, the bands at 72 kDa representing MMP2 activity and 92 kDa showing MMP9 activity were reduced. These results indicated that molecule 1 inhibited proliferation, migration and MMPs, -2 and -9, activity of B16F10 cells (Figure 4). So, it was hypothesized from our results that compound 1, 2 and 3 inhibited the migration of cells in a dose dependent manner while the compounds 4 and 5 were not effective contributors. However, the peculiar activity of compound 1 might be attributed to the presence of symmetrically di-ortho substituted methyl groups in this molecule.

Figure 4. Effect of butanamides (1-5) on B16F10 cell MMP-2, MMP-9 enzymes activity. MMP-2, MMP-9 activity was determined using gelatin zymography and relative activities are quantified densitometrically in ImageJ. These data are the results of a typical experiment. *P< 0.05, compared with untreated cells.

3.3. Computational analysis

3.3.1. MMP-2 and MMP-9 structural assessment

MMP-2 and MMP-9 are metal containing proteins comprises 631 and 425 residues, respectively. The Ramachandran plots and values showed that both MMP-2 and MMP-9 possessed 92.00 and 92.30% of residues in favored region, respectively. The Ramachandran graph values showed the good accuracy of phi (\(\phi\)) and psi (\(\psi\)) angles among the coordinates of receptor and most of residues were plunged in acceptable region. The general structures of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 are mentioned in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Protein structures MMP-2 and MMP-9

3.4. Molecular docking analysis

3.4.1. Glide energy evaluation of synthesized compounds

Molecular docking approach is best approach to study the binding conformation of ligands within the active region of target proteins.[25, 26,27 ] Based on in vivo results, compound 1 was docked against MMP-2 and MMP-9 separately to predict their best conformational position within active site of target proteins. The generated docked complexes of both proteins were examined on the basis of glide docking energy values (kcal/mol) and bonding interaction (hydrogen/hydrophobic) pattern. In MMP-2 and MMP-9 docking results, it has been anticipated that ligand 1 binds within the active region of target proteins with different conformational poses and exhibited good docking energy values -8.90 and -6.663 kcal/mol, respectively.

3.4.2. Ligand-Binding analysis of MMP-2 and MMP-9 docked complexes

The stability of compounds against target proteins depends upon their interactive behavior such as hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions. Figures 6 and 7 showed the binding conformation poses of compound 1 within the active region against target proteins. In MMP-2 docking two hydrogen bonds were at Ile224 and Lys99 with appropriate binding distances. The nitrogen atom of oxadiazolic moiety in compound 1 formed a hydrogen bond with Lys99 possessing bond distance of 2.19 Å whereas, amidic nitrogen atom showed interaction with Ile424 having bond length 2.55 Å. In MMP-9 docking results, couple of hydrogen bonds were observed with Glu416 and Arg424 with suitable binding length. Again amidic nitrogen atom of compound 1 interacted through hydrogen bonding with Arg424 having bond length 2.53 Å whereas, indolic nitrogen atom formed hydrogen bond against Glu416 with bond length 1.63 Å. The binding distances were in appropriate length and enhance the stability of docking complex stability. Literature data also ensured the importance of these residues in bonding with other MMPs inhibitors which strengthen our docking results [22].

Figure 6. 3D & 2D binding interaction of compound 1 against MMP-2

Figure 7. 3D & 2D binding interaction of compound 1 against MMP-9

4. Conclusion

Among the investigated indole-oxadiazole containing butanamides (1-5), the compound 1 exhibited suitable anti-proliferative activity along with possible migratory inhibiting potential for melanoma cells. So, this hybrid molecule might be utilized as conceivable anti-proliferative and antitumor agent in drug designing studies.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Synthesis of nickel nanoparticles by sol-gel method and their characterization

pisrt — Sun, 30 Jun 2019 16:14:24 +0000

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Open Journal of Chemistry

Vol. 2 (2019), Issue 1, pp. 16 – 20
ISSN: 2618-0758 (Online) 2618-074X (Print)
DOI: 10.30538/psrp-ojc2019.0009

Synthesis of nickel nanoparticles by sol-gel method and their characterization

Aisha Shamim, Zaheer Ahmad\(^1\), Sajid Mahmood, Umair Ali, Tariq Mahmood, Zamir Ahmad Nizami
Department of Chemistry, University of Wah, Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan.; (A.S & Zaheer.A)
Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Township Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.; (S.M & U.A)
Nano Sciences and Technology Department, National Centre for Physics, QAU, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.; (T.M)
Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha,Sub Campus Bhakkar, Pakistan.; (Zamir.A)
\(^{1}\)Corresponding Author: dr.zaheer.ahmad@uow.edu.pk; Tell: +92-3322569362

Copyright © 2019 Aisha Shamim, Zaheer Ahmad, Sajid Mahmood, Umair Ali, Tariq Mahmood, Zamir Ahmad Nizami. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: January 25, 2019 – Accepted: February 9, 2019 – Published: June 30, 2019

Abstract

The under consideration study focuses on synthesis and characterization of Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles. Nanosized Nickel oxide powder was successfully synthesized using a simple and low cast sol-gel method. This method is environment friendly requiring no expensive chemicals and is time saving. The sol-gel method was accompanied by the formation of precipitates which were dried and calcined at 550\(^{o}\)C to get nickel oxide nanoparticles. The synthesized nanopowder was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX).

Keywords:

Synthesis, nickel oxide (NiO), nanoparticles, sol-gel method, energy dispersive spectroscopy.

1. Introduction

Nanotechnology is the manipulation and production of nanoparticles which have novel properties significantly different from their bulk counterparts. These properties as is mentioned in the literature are the result of the fascinating phenomena such as quantum confinement effect and surface plasmon resonance effect [1]. Metallic nanoparticles (nanosized metals) because of their sharp size distribution gained much popularity and thus have unlocked new horizons in nanotechnology [2]. In recent years much attention has been focused on the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles because of their large surface areas and exceptional adsorptive properties [3]. Different synthesis methods are used for the synthesis of ultrafine NiO nanoparticles including microemulsion technique, spray pyrolysis, surfactant mediated method and simple liquid phase synthesis, electrochemical reduction, chemical reduction and sol-gel method [4, 5]. Magnetic transition metal nanoparticles including NiO have wide range of applications in magnetic and electronic devices, solar energy collectors, battery electrodes, catalysis, permanent magnets, magnetic fluids, nickel cermet, electrochromic coatings and antiferromagnetic layers, These applications can be enhanced by controlling the particle size [1, 4, 6 7].

NiO NPs were amalgamated by chemical reduction method using nickel chloride hexa hydrate as an antecedent and polyvinylpyrolidone as a capping agent [8]. Nickel nanoparticles were synthesized on large scale using anodic arc plasma method [9] and by solution reduction method using Ni(NO\(_{3}\))\(_{2}\).6H\(_{2}\)O and benzildiethylenetriamine as raw materials[10]. Sol-Gel method was used to prepare NiO nanocatalysts using nickel nitrate hexahydrate and sodium dodecyl [11]. In many of the methods used above the main concern is to reduce the cost and to produce NiO powder for technological applications. The objective of present work is to synthesize of nickel oxide nanoparticles by sol-gel method. This is simple and cost effective route because of use of inexpensive and few starting materials. By controlling structure, calcination temperature, and pH value we synthesized pure NiO NPs. There are various advantages of using sol-gel method such as homogeneous mixing, good crystallinity and uniform and sharp size distribution of synthesized nanoparticles.

2. Experimental

In present study NiO NPs were synthesized by using Chemical (sol-gel). This study was carried out at Nanoscience & Technology Department, National Centre for Physics, QAU Islamabad and Department of Chemistry, University of Wah, Wah Cantt. During this work all chemicals were purchased from local market of Sigma-Aldrich. These were AR-Grade and there was no need of further purification. The Chemicals used were, Nickel (ii) nitrate hexahydrate and 0.5 M sodium hydroxide .We used deionized water throughout the experiment.

2.1. Chemical Synthesis

In this method aqueous solution of nickel nitrate hexahydrate was prepared by dissolving 3-4 g of salt in 100 ml of deionized water. We stirred the solution to dissolve the salt completely. The salt solution was titrated by adding 0.5 M NaOH drop wise from burette with constant stirring. Frequently we checked the pH. The precipitates were formed when pH was 11.The colour of precipitates of nickel was green. These precipitates were washed 4-5 times with de-ionized water and then were dried at 95\(^{o}\)C to remove moisture. Dried precipitates were calcined at 550\(^{o}\)C for three hours in a muffle furnace. The calcined material was grinded by mortar and pistil and samples were prepared. Main reactions during procedure can be summarized as follows: Ni\(^{2+}\) + 2OH\(^{1-}\) + xH\(_{2}\) O \(\longrightarrow\) Ni (OH)\(_{2}\). xH\(_{2}\)O\(_{(s)}\)\(\downarrow\)
Ni (OH)\(_{2}\). xH\(_{2}\)O\(_{(s)}\) \(\longrightarrow\) Ni(OH)\(_{2(s)}\) + xH\(_{2}\)O\(_{(g)}\)
Ni(OH)\(_{2(s)}\) \(\longrightarrow\) NiO\(_{(s)}\) + H\(_{2}\)O\(_{(g)}\) We analyzed nanoparticles by using XRD model D8 ADVANCE BRUKER X-Source Copper/ (anode).The samples were characterized by XRD and their sizes were noted in nanometer. The synthesized NPs were also characterized by SEM performed on SEM, TESCAN, VEGA3 placed at Advanced Energy &Material lab NUST. The EDX was done on EDX Oxford placed at Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue Lab, Mechanical Engineering Department, UET Taxila.

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)

X-ray diffraction is used to investigate structure, phase transformation, and crystallite size of nanoparticles. It is also helpful to find preferred orientation in powdered solid samples. This technique provides much information on lattice parameters and crystal size. Crystal sizes can be calculated using Scherrer Equation; D=K\(\lambda\)\(\backslash\)\(\beta\)COS\(\theta\). In this technique a beam of X-rays fall on electrons of crystals and is scattered and provides elaborate crystal structure [12].

Figure 1. XRD Spectrum of NiO NPs

Table 1 XRD Data of NiO Nanoparticles

Table 1. {Effect of unbalanced voltages.

PEAKS	2\(\theta\) POSITION	hkl VALUES	d-SPACING
1	37.248	111	2.4120
2	43.275	200	2.0890
3	62.878	220	1.4768

The diffraction peaks for NiO nanoparticles were matched with JCPDF # 47-1049. Peaks were sharp and prominent representing formation of NiO NPs.The peaks line width described nanoparticle nature of sample. Average particle size for NiO NPs was found to be 45 nm according to the XRD data. The appearance of crystallographic planes such as 111, 200, and 220 indicate crystallization of NiO NPs.

3.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Scanning Electron Microscopy offers several advantages to determine size, shape and morphology of nanoparticles. The dry powder is placed on a holder and coated with gold. The surface of powder is then scanned with fine beam of electrons for analysis [13]. Variety of signals is generated and reveals information related to the texture, composition, crystalline structure of material [12].
SEM study of NiO NPs showed successful formation of spherical black uniform sized nanoparticles because of selection of suitable calcination temperature. Thus NiO NPs with an average diameter of 40nm which is very near to its XRD size of 45 nm were synthesized by using optimum calcination temperature of 550\(^{o}\)C. The formed NPs show agglomeration at different locations due to large surface energy and high reactivity.

Figure 2. SEM Micrograph of NiO NPs (500 nm)

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3.3. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX)

The elemental composition of synthesized materials is determined by EDX, a micro analytical technique used in association with SEM [12]. The EDX detects X-rays emitted from sample when electrons are bombarded on material surface. Data about chemical composition is provided by measuring the intensity and energy of the signal. The EDX spectrum shows frequency of x-rays in counts for each energy level. The intensity of the peak gives information about the amount of the element in sample [14].
Elemental analysis of NiO NPs demonstrated that synthesized NiO NPs consisted of 67.3\% Ni content and 32.7\% O content without any trace of other materials
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Figure 3. EDX Spectrum of NIO NPs

4. Conclusion

TThe NiO NPs were successfully fabricated via sol-gel method using nickel nitrate hexahydrate and sodium hydroxide as main materials. The results indicated the formation of pure NiO NPs without any impurity. The morphological study showed nanorange of particles and Elemental analysis successfully traced Ni and O elements. Nickel Oxide nanoparticles have promising signs in the fields of light weight optics, lithium ion batteries, wastewater purification, and semiconductor materials.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Graphene oxide synthesis by facile method and its characterization

pisrt — Sun, 30 Jun 2019 16:05:12 +0000

Full-Text PDF

Open Journal of Chemistry

Vol. 2 (2019), Issue 1, pp. 11 – 15
ISSN: 2618-0758 (Online) 2618-074X (Print)
DOI: 10.30538/psrp-ojc2019.0008

Graphene oxide synthesis by facile method and its characterization

Farman ullah Khan, Sajid Mahmood, Zaheer Ahmad\(^1\), Tariq Mahmood, Zamir Ahmad Nizami
Department of Chemistry, University of Wah, Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan.; (F.U.K & Z.A)
Department of Chemistry , Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.; (S.M)
Nano Sciences and Technology Department, National Centre for Physics, QAU, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.; (T.M)
Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha,Sub Campus Bhakkar, Pakistan.; (Z.A.N)
\(^{1}\)Corresponding Author: dr.zaheer.ahmad@uow.edu.pk; Tell: +92-3322569362

Copyright © 2019 Farman ullah Khan, Sajid Mahmood, Zaheer Ahmad, Tariq Mahmood, Zamir Ahmad Nizami. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: March 10, 2019 – Accepted: May 21, 2019 – Published: June 30, 2019

Abstract

The graphene and graphene oxide are latest and advanced materials with wide applications in environment, medical applications, industries, defense applications. We have synthesized graphene oxide from graphite flakes by modifying Hummer method in which we used NaNO\(_{2}\) instead of NaNO\(_{3}\). Then we characterized our samples with X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD), Scanning-Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared-Spectroscopy (FT-IR). These results confirmed the formation of graphene oxide also through this process. This graphene oxide can further be used for future applications in wastewater treatment and biomedical applications.

Keywords:

Graphene oxide, nanochemistry.

1. Introduction

The importance of graphene and its composites is increasing due to their enlarged applications in the solar cells, catalysis and hydrogen storage. They are used in sensors, nanoelectronics and nanocomposites [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Graphene is the single layer of graphite. All the carbon atoms of graphene are sp\({}^{2}\)hybridized. They are arranged in a honey comb lattice like structure. Graphene is carbon allotrope. It has hexagonal atomic structure and therefore hexagonal nanoparticles are easily adjusted in their layers. Their hydrogels have crosslinked nanoshheet structure [6]. The nanocomposite of TiO2 and graphene is exhibiting large surface area, higher activity and the N\({}_{2}\) selection and at low temperature high resistance towards water and sulfur dioxide and also, high redox activity by which the catalytic reaction is favored [7]. Several studies have shown that metal-metal oxide-graphene have triple junction structure formation. They act like the electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction for the applications in the PEM fuel cell. The tests performed showed that the durability of Pt became better than Pt on graphene sheets but also from Pt electrocatalysts which are supported on Carbon material, eg; Carbon nano-tubes [8]. Aijun etal., have worked on graphene and g-C3N4 interface by the state of art of the hybrid functional DFTprocedure and incorporated the long range dispersion correction. They for first time revealed that electronic coupling is strong at graphene and g-C3N4 interface [9]. Xuefeng etal; reviewed the most recent research on the graphene materials and their antimicrobial activities. They also discussed the physiochemical properties of graphene materials, their experimental surrounding and selected mocroorganisms and the interaction between them to further explore the controversial antimicrobial properties [10]. Wang etal; prepared metal oxide and graphene nanocomposite. They studied the properties of various metal oxide and graphene nanocomposite for the super capacitors and also for electrochemical catalysis [11]. Vats etal; synthesized nanocomposite of pristine-graphene with the palladium. They used swollen liquids crystal as the soft template. They observed that the catalytic activity of the nanocomposite is better than the Pd-RGO nanocomposite in one of the hydrogenation reaction of nitro-phenol and microwave assisted carbon-carbon coupling reaction which was sixteen times higher [12]. Kian etal; studied the graphene and the molecules like graphene for their role in the solar cells [13]. Mousavi etal; prepared PV-RGO and used as anodic battery material. That composite showed high areal, volumetric and the current density [14]. Meng etal; synthesized nanocomposite of silver nanoparticles decorated with graphene by chemical reduction process with assistance by supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) (ScCO\({}_{2}\)). They studied tribological properties of the nanocomposite. It showed the high lubricating function of the graphene and the roughness of surface of the sliding ball is reduced and prevents direct interaction [15]. Tengfei etal; worked on the synthesis of nanocomposite of iron oxide and silver nanoparticles with graphene. They compared the Ag nanoparticles with this nanocomposite. They found that the nanocomposite was showing enhanced antibacterial activity towards the Gram negative bacteria, E.coli and the Gram positive bacteria which is S. aureus [16]. Li etal; synthesized graphene sheet, polymeric carbon-nitride nanocomposite which work as metal free catalyst for activation of oxygen for the selective oxidation of the sec. carbon-hydrogen bonds of saturated hydrocarbons like cyclohexane. It was observed to be the most stable catalyst and having high chemoselectivity for the sec. C-H bond of different saturated alkane [17]. Liwen etal; synthesized a nanocomposite of Graphene Oxide and Sulfur for the immobilization of sulfur in cathodic material of Li-S cells [18]. Deepak etal; synthesized Graphene Oxide and studied its antibacterial activities [19]. Zheng etal; prepared reduced graphene oxide by reducing graphene oxide by help of a reducing agent (caffeic acid) which was having high carbon-oxygen ratio i.e \eqref{GrindEQ__7_15_} which is best reduced graphene oxide prepared from green reducing ragent [20]. Hongmei etal; used solvothermal method and developed magnetic-reduced graphene oxide (MRGO) nanocomposite. The nanocomposite was having high removal efficiency. It was observed that the M-RGO composite is effective adsorbent used for the removal of dyes pollutant [21]. Myungwoo etal; reviewed the graphene oxide synthesis which was developed through chemical vapor deposition method and studied its application [22]. Zhang etal; developed reduced graphene oxide and NiO nanocomposite which was used for the absobtion of the chromium ion (Cr (VI)). The composite showed maximum adsoption capacity of chromium ion atpH=4 and T= 25 \({}^{0}\)c which was higher than any other reported so far [23]. Marcano etal; prepared graphene oxide by modification in the Hummer method as they excluded NaNO\({}_{3}\). They increased KMnO\({}_{4}\) and used H\({}_{3}\)PO\({}_{4\ }\)and H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) mixture in the ratio of 1:9 which showed improvement in the oxidation process of graphene [24].

2. Method and Materials

We took 2g of graphite and NaNO\({}_{2}\) and mixed in about 100mL of H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (conc.) in 1000mL volumetric flask and put in ice-bath. The mixture was continuously stirred on hot plate for about 1 hour and then added 6 g of KMNO\({}_{4}\) slowly. Then removed ice bath and kept the mixture under stirring for 2 days. About 90mL of distilled water was added to this and brown color appeared. The solution was stirred continuously. Then 15mL of hydrogen peroxide\({}_{\ }\)was added to this solution and yellow color appeared. We washed this mixture with 10\% HCl. Then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 minute. This filtrate was decanted. The remaining (graphene oxide) was dried at 110\({}^{0}\)C and then calcined for 3 hours at 550\({}^{0}\)C in muffle furnce. The graphene oxide thus obtained was grind and characterized for further analysis.

3. Results and Discussions

For the characterization of prepared nanoparticles XRD is one of the best technique. It characterizes the purity andphase of the nanomaterial. XRD gives detail of diffraction angle, the interlayer spacing and mainly the crystallite size. The XRD used in our work was Bruker D8 advance. Fig.1 shows XRD patern of graphite used in this work. Fig.2 is showing wide-angle XRD peak of our prepared graphene oxide. In graphene oxide XRD spectra, the major peak at 11.6\({}^{0}\) and two weak peaks at 2\(\theta\)= 43\({}^{0}\) and 2\(\theta\)= 45\({}^{0}\) clearly describe the graphite structure [22, 25]. We characterized the graphene oxide by the Field-emission scanning-electron microscopy (FESEM) for their surface morphology. Fig.3 shows FESEM image of graphene oxide at different magnifications. It is clear from the FESEM image of GO that their layers are smooth in appearance [1]25}. The prepared graphene oxide was characterized by FT-IR for functional-groups checking. Figure. 4 show the FT-IR spectra of the graphene oxide. The major peak at about 3500 cm\({}^{-1}\)\({}_{\ }\)shows the presence of hydroxyl (OH) groups [25]. Some peaks were also observed in fingerprint region at 750cm\({}^{-1\ }\)- 600cm\({}^{-1}\) which may be the bending vibrations due to C-O, and C-O-C bending vibrations.

4. Conclusion

In summary, we synthesized Graphene Oxide from graphite powder by using NaNO\({}_{2}\) instead of NaNO\({}_{3.\ }\)The resultant product obtained was characterized through different analytical techniques like, XRD, FESEM, FT-IR. The obtained result was matched with literature and this was confirmed that the graphene oxide has formed. The oxidation of graphene can be increased by using NaNO\({}_{2.\ }\)This can be used for different purposes specially as adsorbant of heavy metals.

Figure 1. XRD pattern of graphite

Figure 2. XRD pattern of graphene oxide

Figure 3. SEM image of Graphene Oxide

Figure 4. FT-IR spectra of Graphene oxide

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Synthesis, spectral evaluation and pharmacological screening of some sulfa drugs

pisrt — Sun, 30 Jun 2019 15:51:01 +0000

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Open Journal of Chemistry

Vol. 2 (2019), Issue 1, pp. 1 – 10
ISSN: 2618-0758 (Online) 2618-074X (Print)
DOI: 10.30538/psrp-ojc2019.0007

Synthesis, spectral evaluation and pharmacological screening of some sulfa drugs

Aziz-Ur-Rehman\(^1\), Muhammad Athar Abbasi, Sabahat Zahra Siddiqui, Shahid Rasool, Sadia Jabeen, Amar Masood Joyia, Asma Salah-Ud-Din Gondal
Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan.; (A.R & M.A.A & S.Z.S & S.R & S.J & A.M.J & A.S.D.G)
\(^{1}\)Corresponding Author: azizryk@yahoo.com

Copyright © 2019 Aziz-Ur-Rehman, Muhammad Athar Abbasi, Sabahat Zahra Siddiqui, Shahid Rasool, Sadia Jabeen, Amar Masood Joyia, Asma Salah-Ud-Din Gondal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: January 25, 2019 – Accepted: March 9, 2019 – Published: June 30, 2019

Abstract

Sulfonamides are considered to be biologically active and an important class of pharmaceutical compounds. These constitute an important class of antimicrobials, antidiabetics, anticancer and diuretics. These were the first chemotherapeutic drugs introduced to the world but their rapidly developed resistance decreased their use. In the present work, N-(2/4-substitutedphenyl)-4-(substituted)benzenesulfonamide (3a-d) and N-(tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide 3e were synthesized by the reaction of substituted aniline (1a-c) and tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethanamine (1d) with substituted benzenesulfonyl chloride (2a-d) using 10% aqueous \(Na_{2}CO_{3}\) solution as a reaction medium. In the second step, the synthesized molecules 3a-e were allowed to react different alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-j) to synthesize the target N-substituted compounds, 5a-z,aa,bb, using lithium hydride as an activator and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a reaction medium. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by using spectral techniques such as \(^{1}\)H-NMR, IR and EI-MS; and further examined for their anti-bacterial activities.

Keywords:

Antibacterial activity; substituted anilines; sulfonamides.