Abstract: Background: Cervical cancer is a major cause of mortality in women. Pap smear is a screening test used in the screening of cervical cancer. There are well defined guidelines regarding its use. It should be offered to all sexually active women between the ages of 30-65 years, irrespective of whether or not they are symptomatic. Moreover, those women who have undergone hysterectomy for reasons other than cervical cancer or precancerous lesions, do not require this test.
Materials and methods: We undertook an observational study to describe the age, presenting complaint, previous history of hysterectomy and reason for hysterectomy in women undergoing Pap smear testing in a private super speciality hospital in Central India in the past 3 years.
Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine how closely the aforementioned guidelines were being followed, so as to deduce how wisely were we choosing the women to whom the test was being offered.
Results: This study found that a significant proportion of tests were being offered to women who did not need them. And more importantly, we were missing the opportunity to screen women who presented with non gynaecologic complaints in our hospital.

Abstract: Background: To assess clinico-pathological study of colonic biopsies.
Materials and methods: One hundred ten colonic biopsies obtained from Gastroenterology department were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin processed and embedded with the mucosal surface being uppermost. 4\(\mu\) thick serial sections were prepared and stained with H&E. Detailed study of the sections was done under light microscope and diagnosis rendered accordingly.
Result: Age group 11-20 years had 8, 21-30 years had 22, 31-40 years had 40, 41-50 years had 24 and >50 years had 16 cases. The difference was non- significant (\(P> 0.05\)). Most common clinical features were constipation seen in 36, bleeding PR in 28, bleeding PR weakness in 17, diarrhea in 16 and diarrhea \(+\) pain abdomen \(+\) weakness in 14 patients. The difference was non-significant (\(P> 0.05\)). Non-neoplastic lesions were 74. These were as non-specific colitis in 22, ulcerative colitis in 16, acute inflammation in 14, hyperplastic polyp in 10, inflammatory polyp in 6, retention polyp in 4 and endometriosis in 2 cases. Neoplastic benign lesions were 25. Benign spindle cell lesion was in 3, tubular adenoma in 15, villous adenoma in 5 and tubulovillous adenoma in 2 cases. Neoplastic malignant lesions were well differentiated adenocarcinoma seen in 4, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma in 6, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in 2 and signet ring cell carcinoma in 1 case.
Conclusion: Colonoscopy is a simple and a safe procedure. It helps in assessing the lesions clinically and confirming histopathologicaly through guided biopsy. Colonoscopic biopsies also play a key role not only in diagnosis, but also in follow up and treatment.

Abstract:Bacterial bloodstream infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality, globally. The aim of the present study was to determine the bacterial profile of bloodstream infections and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern among the patients admitted to ICU at a tertiary care hospital.This prospective study was conducted over a period of eighteen months. Inclusion criteria comprised of patients admitted to ICU who belonged to either gender and were in the age group of 15-60 years. Over the course of study, 30 out of total 140 blood culture samples were identified to be culture positive (18 GNB and 11GPB). The most common Gram-positive isolate was Staphylococcus spp (26%) while Escherichia coli was the most common gram negative isolate (36%).Escherichia coli expressed highest resistance to all the drugs but sensitivity to Meropenemand Polymyxin B was 72% and 90%, respectively. High degree of resistance was noted to cephalosporins and piperacillin -tazobactam, among all the groups. The study indicated high level of antimicrobial resistance among Gram negative bacilli, esp E.Coli and justifies the need for antimicrobial stewardship to prevent development of further resistance.